Fish and harlequin ducks compete on breeding streams

نویسندگان

  • S. V. LeBourdais
  • D. Esler
چکیده

We investigated interactions among harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus (L., 1758)), fish, and their shared aquatic insect prey. We measured flow variability, benthic aquatic prey abundance, fish presence, and breeding density of harlequins on eight rivers in the Southern Coast Mountain Range in British Columbia, Canada, in 2003 and 2004. Rivers with lower flow variability had higher abundance of aquatic insects. Densities of harlequins and fish presence on the rivers were both significantly and positively related to insect abundance, but path analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between them. We interpret this as an indirect interaction between harlequins and fish mediated by anti-predator behaviour of insects in the presence of fish, which reduces insect availability, rather than as a reduction in the abundance of aquatic insects through consumption by fishes. We hypothesize that the ongoing and widespread introduction of fish into historically fishless waters throughout North America may have contributed to the current low productivity and recruitment measured in populations of harlequins by reducing quality of breeding habitat. Résumé : Nous étudions les interactions entre les arlequins plongeurs (Histrionicus histrionicus (L., 1758)), les poissons et les insectes aquatiques qu’ils utilisent conjointement comme proies. Nous avons mesuré la variabilité du débit, l’abondance des proies aquatiques benthiques, la présence de poissons et la densité des arlequins plongeurs en reproduction dans huit rivières de la chaı̂ne de montagnes de la côte sud de la Colombie Britannique, Canada, en 2003 et 2004. Les rivières à débit moins variable ont de plus fortes abondances d’insectes aquatiques. Il y a une relation significative et positive entre les densités des arlequins plongeurs et la présence de poissons, d’une part, et l’abondance des insectes, d’autre part, mais une analyse des coefficients de direction montre une forte corrélation négative entre ces deux variables. Nous interprétons ce phénomène comme une interaction indirecte entre les arlequins plongeurs et les poissons qui s’explique par le comportement anti-prédateur des insectes en présence des poissons, ce qui réduit la disponibilité des insectes, plutôt que par une réduction de l’abondance des insectes aquatiques à cause de la consommation par les poissons. Nous posons l’hypothèse selon laquelle les introductions courantes et répandues de poissons dans des eaux historiquement sans poissons dans toute l’Amérique du Nord peuvent avoir contribué à la productivité et au recrutement faibles mesurés actuellement chez les populations d’arlequins plongeurs en réduisant la qualité des habitats de reproduction. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2009